Emperors, battles, Sher Shah, Akbar, administration, buildings and books — one sentence each
The emperors from 1526 to 1707, in order.
Babu hurried to Akash’s jalebi shop in August.
Between Humayun’s two reigns came 15 years of Sur (Afghan) rule — 1540–1555, Sher Shah 1540–1545. The Great Mughal age lasted 181 years (1526–1707).
Babur’s four great battles, the battles of Humayun and Sher Shah, and Sher Shah’s system.
Pammi served khichdi and chapati with ghee.
Babur learnt the tulughma tactic from the Uzbeks · his memoir Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Baburnama) is in Turki · first expedition into India 1519 (Bajaur, Bhera).
The chowkidar told Kanu about the lion.
Chausa · Kannauj (Bilgram)=Chausa 1539 and Kannauj 1540 — Sher Shah defeated Humayun; Mughal rule broken for 15 years
Sameer nearly lost it all for a handful of bajra.
Samel (Giri-Sumel)=1544 — Sher Shah beat Maldeo of Marwar after a very hard fight (“for a handful of millet”)
Pammi served Hema a second time.
Panipat (second)=1556 — Bairam Khan for Akbar, against Hemu (general of the Sur ruler Adil Shah)
Haldi milk for both Man and Pratap
Haldighati=1576 — Man Singh and Asaf Khan for Akbar, against Maharana Pratap
Humayun built Dinpanah in Delhi · took refuge with Shah Tahmasp of Persia · returned in 1555 · died in January 1556 from a fall on the stairs of his Sher Mandal library.
Jari lace costs two and a half rupees and muesli costs five.
Jaribana · Muhasilana=Jaribana = survey fee 2.5% · Muhasilana = collection fee 5% · state share ⅓ of the average produce
A goods truck carried gold to Peshawar.
Grand Trunk Road=From Sonargaon (East Bengal) through Agra, Delhi and Lahore to Peshawar — the most important of Sher Shah’s four roads
Sheela rowed to the middle of the tank at Sasaram.
Sher Shah’s tomb=An octagonal tomb in the middle of a tank at Sasaram (Bihar) · architect Aliwal Khan
Sher Shah’s real name was Farid · the patta went to the peasant, the qabuliyat came from him · silver rupee (about 178 grains) and copper dam · died 1545 in a gunpowder explosion at Kalinjar · historian Abbas Khan Sarwani.
Akbar’s three reforms, his conquests in order, the years of his religious and administrative steps, and the Nine Jewels.
Sonu played on the jhoola.
1561 to 1576Mamta gave chivda to Guruji with biscuits and haldi milk.
1581 to 1601Kaka gave Kasturi six oranges in baskets again.
Kaka (Ka) is Kabul and Kasturi (Kas) is Kashmir.
Indu made dahi for Didi with ilaichi.
Mansabdari 1575 (dual zat–sawar rank about 1595–96) · Karori experiment 1574–75 · Second Panipat 1556.
6 jewelsMama tasted tomato biryani right away.
3 jewelsFaizan handed Munni laddoos.
The Nine Jewels were not an official body — the list is a later tradition.
Tomato prices of ten years were noted.
Raja Todar Mal=Zabti and the Ain-i-Dahsala (ten-year average) · served Sher Shah earlier
The biryani cook Mahesh is very witty.
Birbal=Born Mahesh Das (Kalpi) · famous wit · killed fighting the Yusufzais (1586)
Right away Khan sahib recited dohas.
Rahim (Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan)=Title Khan-i-Khanan · dohas (Rahim Satsai) · translated the Baburnama into Persian
Aamir read the Ain and the Akbarnama.
Abul Fazl=Author of the Akbarnama and the Ain-i-Akbari
Faizan told Lila the story of Nala.
Faizi=Abul Fazl’s brother · poet laureate · Lilavati and Nal-Daman into Persian
Halwa made by the royal cook
Hakim Humam=Head of the royal kitchen (Mir Bakawal)
Man Singh — Kachhwaha general, Haldighati · Tansen — Gwalior, Sangeet Samrat · Mulla Do-Piyaza — the wit of folk tales.
What Jahangir and Shah Jahan are known for, and the war of succession among Shah Jahan’s sons.
Jalebis tasted by the English in Surat
Jahangir=1613 — English factory allowed at Surat · married Nur Jahan 1611 · painting at its peak · du-aspa sih-aspa
The shop sells Taj postcards.
Shah Jahan=Peak of architecture — Taj Mahal, Red Fort · 1632 Portuguese driven out of Hooghly · 1633 Ahmednagar annexed · 1649 Qandahar lost for good
Aurangzeb — re-imposed jizya 1679 · annexed Bijapur 1686 and Golconda 1687 · Satnami revolt 1672 (Narnaul) · Guru Tegh Bahadur executed 1675.
Bahadur’s dhaba sambar and khichdi delight everyone.
In June 1658 Murad was seized at Mathura and imprisoned.
The central ministers, the units of administration, the classes of land and the ways of assessing revenue.
Deepak made the family budget.
Diwan-i-Ala (Wazir)=Finance — state income and spending
Mira is an army officer.
Mir Bakhshi=Head of the military establishment · mansabdars’ records
A Sadar Bazaar charity camp
Sadr-us-Sudur=Religious affairs, charity and grants to scholars
A quick judge gave the verdict.
Qazi-ul-Quzat=Head of the whole judicial system
The khansama runs the household and the workshops.
Khan-i-Saman (Mir Saman)=In charge of the royal household and karkhanas
Sunny Sam passed the village.
Mansabs ran from 10 to 10,000 · zat = personal rank, sawar = horsemen to keep · Mansabdar (below 500), Amir (500–2,500), Amir-i-Umda (2,500 and above) · 20 horses for every 10 sawars.
Polo partners chew bananas.
Ghee shared by all
Ghallabakshi (Batai)=Sharing of the actual harvest — lower Sindh (Thatta), parts of Kabul, Kashmir
Kanika guessed the crop.
Kankut=Estimate of the whole field’s produce from a sample
Nasir used the old figures.
Nasaq=Demand from past assessments — no fresh survey
Zabti (Todar Mal) — survey, classification and fixed cash rates (dastur-ul-amal) · karori — officer of a circle yielding one crore dams.
Which building belongs to which reign, the great painting projects, and the authors of the Persian histories.
A bulbul sang for Akash and the guru.
Buland Darwaza=Akbar — marks the Gujarat victory (1572–73), Fatehpur Sikri
Sikanji made by Akash
Sikandra (Akbar’s tomb)=Akbar’s tomb at Sikandra (Agra)
Idli for Noori didi
Itimad-ud-Daula (Agra)=Built by Nur Jahan — early pietra dura
A shawl and jalebis in Srinagar
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)=Jahangir · the Shalimar garden of Lahore came under Shah Jahan
Bibi lives in Aurangabad.
Bibi ka Maqbara=Aurangabad — Aurangzeb’s reign
Humayun’s tomb (1569–70) — his widow Bega Begum, the first Mughal tomb in a charbagh · Agra Fort (1565) — Akbar · Moti Masjid, Agra — Shah Jahan · Moti Masjid (Red Fort) and Badshahi Mosque, Lahore — Aurangzeb.
A hamper of fourteen hundred paintings for Akash
Hamzanama=First big project of Akbar’s studio — about 1,400 paintings on cloth · Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad
Reading the Mahabharata under a razai
Razmnama=Persian version of all 18 books of the Mahabharata — the Maktab Khana, begun by Akbar in 1582 · Naqib Khan, Faizi
Painting peaked under Jahangir (Aqa Riza, Abul Hasan) · night scenes and siyahi qalam first appear under Shah Jahan · first Sanskrit–Persian dictionary, Parsi Prakash (Akbar).
Huma got a gulab bouquet.
Humayun-nama=Gulbadan Begum
Munshiji came from Badaun.
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh=Abdul Qadir Badauni — a critical view of Akbar’s reign
Tabla played by Nizam
Tabaqat-i-Akbari=Nizamuddin Ahmad
Papads from Lahore
Padshahnama=Abdul Hamid Lahori (and Muhammad Waris) — Shah Jahan’s reign
Sir Dara translated the Upanishads.
Sirr-i-Akbar=Dara Shikoh — Persian translation of the Upanishads
Magic where two seas meet
Majma-ul-Bahrain=Dara Shikoh — “the meeting of the two oceans”: Sufism and Vedanta
Tara told Abba a lion story.
Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi=Abbas Khan Sarwani
Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Turki) — Babur · Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri — Jahangir · Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri — Mutamad Khan · Muntakhab-ul-Lubab — Khafi Khan · Ruqat-i-Alamgiri — Aurangzeb’s letters · Padmavat (1540) — Malik Muhammad Jayasi.
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