50 mind maps
Chapter 1 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Constitutional Development From the Regulating Act of 1773 to the Constitution of 1950 — Charter Acts, Crown rule, Councils Acts, the Acts of 1919 and 1935, the missions and plans of the 1940s, the Constituent Assembly and its committees, and the Constitution’s parts, schedules and borrowed features. Open map Chapter 2 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Salient Features of the Constitution The longest written constitution, its rigid-flexible amendment, parliamentary and federal government, constitutionalism, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Duties, an independent integrated judiciary, the basic structure, adult franchise, secularism, single citizenship and the emergency provisions. Open map Chapter 3 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution The Preamble Origin of the Preamble in the Objectives Resolution; its text and four parts; the meaning of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic; Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity; Berubari, Kesavananda and LIC cases; the 42nd Amendment and the 2024 Supreme Court ruling. Open map Chapter 4 English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution The Union and Its Territory Union of States vs territory of India; Articles 1–4 and the First Schedule; Berubari and the 100th Amendment; integration of princely states and Part A–D states; Dhar, JVP and Fazl Ali commissions; the 1956 reorganisation; every state and UT formed or renamed since; demands for smaller states and regionalism. Open map Chapter 5 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Citizenship Part II (Arts 5–11) and single citizenship; who became a citizen on 26 January 1950; the five ways to acquire and three ways to lose citizenship under the 1955 Act and its amendments; CAA 2019 with its 2024 rules; the Assam NRC and Section 6A; rights only for citizens; NRIs, PIOs, OCIs, overseas voting and Pravasi Bharatiya Divas. Open map Chapter 6 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Fundamental Rights Part III article by article — the six groups of rights, Articles 12 and 13, equality, the six freedoms, life and liberty, exploitation, religion and minorities, the five writs, emergency suspension and the basic-structure cases, with every later change (EWS, Puttaswamy, BNSS, Article 35A). Open map Chapter 7 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties Part IV (Arts 36–51): nature, Irish source and non-justiciability; every directive in its socialist, Gandhian or liberal basket; directives outside Part IV and later additions; how Rights and Directives differ and the case law from Champakam to Minerva Mills and the 2024 Article 39(b) ruling; uses and implementation; and the eleven Fundamental Duties of Art 51A — origin, features, enforcement and criticism. Open map Chapter 24 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · The Constitution Amendment of the Constitution Article 368 and its three kinds of majority, the steps of an amendment bill and the provisions that need the States, the basic structure doctrine from Shankari Prasad to Minerva Mills and after, every amendment from the 1st to the 106th, the 42nd and 44th in depth, and the bills up to the defeated 131st (2026). Open map Chapter 8 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government Union Executive President — election, vote values, qualifications, term, immunity, impeachment, succession, executive, legislative, financial, veto, pardon, emergency and discretionary powers; Vice-President; Council of Ministers and Cabinet; Prime Minister; Attorney General and Solicitor General — with current office-holders. Open map Chapter 9 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government Parliament The Union Parliament under Articles 79–122: the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, seats of every state, who can be an MP, anti-defection law and privileges; the Speaker and other presiding officers; sessions, Question Hour, motions and voting; ordinary, money, financial and amendment bills with joint sittings; budget stages, cut motions and the three funds; and parliamentary committees. Open map Chapter 10 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government The Judiciary The Supreme Court, the 25 High Courts and the subordinate courts — appointment and removal of judges, jurisdiction, independence, judicial review, PIL, landmark cases, Lok Adalats, legal aid and reforms; updated to 2026 (38 judges, CJI Surya Kant). Open map Chapter 11 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government State Government The Governor — appointment, office, executive, legislative, financial, judicial and discretionary powers, special responsibilities and the Sarkaria view; the Chief Minister, Council of Ministers and Advocate-General; the Legislative Council and Assembly, membership, passing of bills, Speaker and Chairman. Open map Chapter 12 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government Centre-State Relations Legislative relations — territorial extent, the three lists, Parliament on the State List, repugnancy and Centre’s control; administrative relations — directions, delegation, All India Services, emergencies; financial relations — sharing of taxes, grants, borrowing, GST and the Finance Commission; inter-state water disputes, the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils; the Rajamannar, Sarkaria and Punchhi reports. Open map Chapter 17 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · System of Government Emergency Provisions Part XVIII of the Constitution: national emergency (Art 352) — grounds, Cabinet advice, approval, the three proclamations; its effects on Centre–state relations and Fundamental Rights (Arts 358–359); the 44th Amendment safeguards; President’s Rule (Arts 355, 356, 365) — duration, effects, Bommai and the Sarkaria, Punchhi and NCRWC advice; financial emergency (Art 360). Open map Chapter 13 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Elections Part XV and the Election Commission — composition, term, removal, the 2023 appointment law, every CEC and the Commission’s functions; FPTP, proportional representation and STV; adult suffrage, the electoral roll and delimitation; election officers, EVMs and VVPAT; the RP Acts, party recognition and the Model Code; landmark rulings, NOTA and exit polls; and electoral reforms from paid news to electoral bonds. Open map Chapter 14 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Political Parties and Pressure Groups Party systems and ideology, the functions of parties, ECI recognition of national and state parties with symbols and founders, India’s coalition governments from 1977 to 2024, and pressure groups, their types, Indian examples and lobbying. Open map Chapter 15 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Public Service Commissions Part XIV, Articles 315–323: the UPSC, state and joint commissions — appointment, term, removal and suspension, the safeguards of independence, functions, consultation and reports — plus the CVC and All India Services. Open map Chapter 16 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Official Languages Part XVII (Articles 343–351): Hindi as the Union’s official language and the place of English, the Official Language Commission and Committee, the Official Languages Act 1963, the 22 languages of the Eighth Schedule, state languages, the language of courts and laws, safeguards for linguistic minorities and India’s 11 classical languages. Open map Chapter 18 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Scheduled and Tribal Areas Article 244 and the two systems for tribal regions: the Fifth Schedule — President’s declaration, Governor’s report and regulations, Tribes Advisory Council and the ten Scheduled-Area states; the Sixth Schedule — ten autonomous councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, their make-up and powers; a comparison and the PESA Act, 1996. Open map Chapter 19 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Local Government Idea and history of local self-government, decentralised planning; Balwant Rai Mehta, Santhanam, Ashok Mehta, Singhvi and other committees; the 73rd Amendment article by article with the 11th Schedule, exempt areas, PESA and the Forest Rights Act; the 74th Amendment with the 12th Schedule, planning committees and every type of urban body; co-operatives under Part IXB; problems and proposed reforms. Open map Chapter 20 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies Constitutional, Statutory & Non-Statutory Institutions The CAG (Articles 148–151) and its audits; the SC, ST and BC commissions (Articles 338, 338A, 338B); the statutory NCM, NCW, NHRC and CVC; and the non-statutory Planning Commission, NDC and NITI Aayog — with every change up to 2026. Open map Chapter 25 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Constitutional & Other Bodies UTs, Special Provisions & Tribunals Union Territories under Part VIII — history, administration, law-making and High Courts; Jammu & Kashmir from accession to the 2019 reorganisation and after; Article 371–371J special provisions for twelve States; tribunals under Articles 323A–323B, the CAT, SATs and later reforms. Open map Chapter 21 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Governance & Rights Governance The idea of governance and its definitions; good governance — four pillars, eight characteristics and hurdles in India; horizontal, vertical, political, legal and social accountability; e-governance pillars, models, projects, NeGP and e-Kranti; the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013; Aadhaar and the 2018 judgment. Open map Chapter 22 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Governance & Rights Public Policy in India Meaning and nature of public policy; law versus policy and the limits of judicial review; the roles of the Council of Ministers, Parliament, bureaucracy and Cabinet Secretariat, judiciary and pressure groups; shortcomings and reforms of policy-making; and major government schemes from 1995 to 2021. Open map Chapter 23 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Governance & Rights Rights Issues in India Rights of women (articles, laws, reservation, NCW), children and the Right to Education, disabled persons under the RPwD Act 2016, backward classes, forest dwellers (FRA 2006), LGBT and transgender persons, the RTI Act 2005 and information commissions, MGNREGA and its 2026 successor, and consumer rights under the 2019 Act. Open map Chapter 101 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Constitutional Development - Short Trick Short tricks for Constitutional Development — the year and hallmark of every act from the Regulating Act 1773 to the GoI Act 1935, the transferred and reserved subjects of 1919, the three lists of 1935, the order from the August Offer to the Independence Act, Interim Government and first cabinet portfolios, Constituent Assembly dates and the Drafting Committee, the twelve schedules and the parts, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 102 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Salient Features of the Constitution - Short Trick Short tricks for the Salient Features of the Indian Constitution — features borrowed from Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, Germany, Japan, France, the USSR, South Africa and the GoI Act 1935, why the Constitution is so long, federal and unitary features, the six Fundamental Rights, the 42nd, 44th, 61st and 86th Amendments, basic-structure cases from Kesavananda to Chandra Kumar and Articles 352, 356 and 360, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 103 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks The Preamble - Short Trick Short tricks for the Preamble — the Objectives Resolution and adoption dates, the order Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic, the three words of the 42nd Amendment, Justice-Liberty-Equality-Fraternity, the kinds of justice and liberty, Articles 14 to 18, and the Berubari, Kesavananda and LIC verdicts, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 104 English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks The Union and Its Territory - Short Trick Short tricks for the Union and its Territory — Articles 1 to 4, Parliament’s powers under Article 3, the Berubari and enclave amendments, how Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir joined, Part A-B-C-D states, from the Dhar Commission to the Fazl Ali Commission, the 14 states and 6 UTs of 1956, the year of every new state from Maharashtra to Telangana and every renaming, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 105 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Citizenship - Short Trick Short tricks for Indian citizenship — Articles 5 to 11 with number phrases, the five routes (birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, incorporation of territory), renunciation, termination and deprivation, the 1986, 1992, 2003, 2015 and 2019 amendments to the Citizenship Act, the three CAA countries, the Assam NRC cut-off, Pravasi Bharatiya Divas and overseas voters, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 106 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Fundamental Rights - Short Trick Short tricks for the Fundamental Rights — the six groups and their articles, Articles 12 to 35 with number phrases, the five forbidden grounds of Art 15, the six freedoms of Art 19, the three shields of Art 20, Art 21 judgments from Gopalan and Maneka to Puttaswamy, the five writs from habeas corpus to quo warranto, Art 226 and Arts 20–21 in an emergency, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 107 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties - Short Trick Short tricks for the Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties — Articles 36 to 51 with number phrases, Gandhian, socialist and liberal principles, the 39A-43A-48A additions of the 42nd Amendment, Arts 335, 350A and 351, the Ireland-USA-USSR sources, Champakam and Minerva Mills, the eleven Fundamental Duties in order, the Swaran Singh and Verma committees, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 124 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Constitutional Amendments - Short Trick Short tricks for constitutional amendments — the three majorities of Art 368, the eight provisions needing half the States, basic-structure cases from Shankari Prasad to Janhit Abhiyan, amendments such as the 1st, 7th, 24th, 42nd, 44th, 52nd, 61st, 73rd-74th, 86th, 91st, 101st, 103rd and 106th with number phrases, the 42nd’s three words and five subjects, and the States made by amendments, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 208 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Union Executive - Short Trick Short tricks for the Union Executive — Articles 52 to 78, 123 and 143 tied to number pictures, the President’s and Vice-President’s nomination, oath and resignation rules, the line of succession, the three vetoes, the five forms of mercy, all 15 Presidents in order, Deputy Prime Ministers, cabinet committees and the Attorney General, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 209 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Parliament - Short Trick Short tricks for Parliament — Articles 79 to 112 tied to number pictures, the age, term and strength of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, nominated members, the biggest State delegations, the anti-defection law, Speakers’ records, kinds of questions and motions, the three joint sittings, cut motions, the public funds and the financial committees, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 210 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks The Judiciary - Short Trick Short tricks for the Judiciary — Supreme Court Articles 124 to 145 and High Court Articles 222 and 226 tied to number pictures, the five writs, Supreme Court vs High Court age, qualification and pay, removal of judges, the Judges cases and NJAC, Chief Justices’ records, shared High Courts and their seats, landmark judgments from Gopalan to Anuradha Bhasin, Gram Nyayalayas, Lok Adalat and ADR, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC, judicial services and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 211 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks State Government - Short Trick Short tricks for State Government — Articles 153 to 213 tied to number pictures, the Governor’s six powers, the four States with a tribal welfare minister, Art 371 special duties, the B.P. Singhal case, the 91st Amendment cap, the six bicameral States, the make-up of a Legislative Council and the largest and smallest Assemblies, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 212 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Centre-State Relations - Short Trick Short tricks for Centre-State Relations — Articles 246 to 293 tied to number pictures, the five cases where Parliament legislates on the State List, the 42nd Amendment subjects, jute-grant States, GST and the Finance Commission, water tribunals with their years, zonal councils and the Rajamannar, Sarkaria and Punchhi reviews, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 217 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Emergency Provisions - Short Trick Short tricks for the Emergency Provisions — Articles 352 to 360 and 365 tied to number pictures, the three grounds of a National Emergency, the 1962, 1971 and 1975 proclamations, Articles 358 and 359, the protection of Arts 20 and 21, the 44th Amendment changes, approval and duration of all three emergencies, the Bommai case, the Sarkaria and Punchhi commissions and the effect of a Financial Emergency, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 313 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Elections - Short Trick Short tricks for Elections — Articles 324 to 329, the Commission’s term and removal, the 2023 selection committee, all 26 Chief Election Commissioners from Sukumar Sen to Gyanesh Kumar in order, the STV elections, delimitation, VVPAT, rulings from Lily Thomas to electoral bonds and the Tarkunde, Goswami and Indrajit Gupta committees, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 314 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Political Parties and Pressure Groups - Short Trick Short tricks for Political Parties and Pressure Groups — one-party dominance, partyless democracy, the tests for national and state parties, the founding order of nine parties from 1885 to 2013, coalitions at the Centre from 1977 to 2024, the four kinds of pressure group and the countries with lobbying laws, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 315 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Public Service Commissions - Short Trick Short tricks for Public Service Commissions — Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV as a life story, the joint commission, the 6–65–62 rule, who removes a state commission member, removal without inquiry, the five matters needing consultation, the Lee Commission to the UPSC and the All India Services, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 316 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Official Language - Short Trick Short tricks for Official Language — Articles 343 to 351 of Part XVII, the Kher Commission, the 30-member Committee of Parliament, the Official Languages Act 1963 and its 1967 amendment, Eighth Schedule additions from Sindhi to Santhali with their amendments, the English-using states and the eleven classical languages in order, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 318 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Scheduled and Tribal Areas - Short Trick Short tricks for Scheduled and Tribal Areas — Article 244, the four Sixth Schedule and ten Fifth Schedule states, who declares a Scheduled Area, the Tribes Advisory Council, the Governor’s regulations, Rajasthan’s Banswara, Dungarpur and Pratapgarh, the ten Sixth Schedule councils and PESA 1996, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 319 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Local Government - Short Trick Short tricks for local government in India — the Panchayati Raj committees from Balwant Rai Mehta to Gadgil in order and what each is known for, the 73rd, 74th and 97th Amendments (Parts IX, IXA, IXB and the 11th and 12th Schedules), Articles 243A, D, I and K, the states outside Part IX, the 10 PESA states and Gram Sabha powers, and the district and metropolitan planning committees, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 320 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Constitutional, Statutory & Non-Statutory Bodies - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s constitutional, statutory and non-statutory bodies — the CAG’s Articles 148–151, the 65th, 89th, 102nd and 105th Amendments behind the SC, ST and BC commissions, the four statutory commissions, the six notified minorities, the NHRC and CVC selection panels, and the Planning Commission, NDC and NITI Aayog in order, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 325 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Union Territories, Special Provisions & Tribunals - Short Trick Short tricks for Union Territories, special provisions and tribunals — the eight UTs in order of formation, the UTs with an Assembly and those under Article 240, Articles 239A and 239AA, the High Court of each UT, Jammu & Kashmir’s seats, the States under Articles 371 to 371J, minimum Assembly sizes, the eight subjects of Article 323B and the CAT, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 421 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Governance - Short Trick Short tricks for governance in India — the eight characteristics of good governance, the six Citizen’s Charter principles, Good Governance Day, the pillars of e-governance, NeGP and e-Kranti, the ombudsman, the Lokpal Act 2013 and its selection committee, the first Lokayukta, Aadhaar’s details and the 2018 judgment, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 422 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Public Policy in India - Short Trick Short tricks for public policy in India — the three weaknesses of policy-making, the Cabinet Secretary, M.C. Mehta and CNG, the polluter-pays principle, the Bt brinjal moratorium, the six schemes of 2015, and the years of Jan Dhan, Ujjwala, Fasal Bima, Startup India, SVANidhi and SVAMITVA, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 423 Pass English Medium Indian Polity · Polity Short Tricks Rights Issues in India - Short Trick Short tricks for rights issues in India — Arts 15(3), 39 and 42, women’s laws with their years, the 106th Amendment, CEDAW, the 86th Amendment and RTE, the NCPCR, the 1995 and 2016 disability laws, Arts 15(5) and 340, the States with a tribal welfare minister, forest rights, NALSA and Navtej, RTI time limits and the Information Commission, MGNREGA and the six consumer rights, each in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map
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