52 mind maps
Chapter 1 Pass English Medium World Geography General Geography — Universe and Solar System Globe, latitude–longitude, time and the International Date Line; the Big Bang, galaxies, the life cycle of stars, black holes; asteroids and comets; the Sun, eight planets (latest NASA data), the Moon and eclipses. Open map Chapter 2 Pass English Medium World Geography Interior of the Earth and Rocks Sources of knowledge about the interior, sial-sima-nife and crust-mantle-core, discontinuities; Wegener's continental drift and its evidence, sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics; igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, minerals, soil formation and the soil profile. Open map Chapter 3 Pass English Medium World Geography Earth Movements — Endogenic and Exogenic Forces Diastrophic forces — epeirogenic movements, folding and faulting; earthquake focus, waves, types and belts; volcanic materials, types and distribution; weathering and erosion, and the landforms of rivers, karst, wind, sea waves and glaciers. Open map Chapter 4 Pass English Medium World Geography Landform Diversity — Mountains, Plateaus, Plains Types of mountains and ages of mountain building; types of plateaus and the world's major plateaus; classification of plains; origins of lakes and the world's great lakes (updated figures); types of islands; causes, kinds and world distribution of deserts. Open map Chapter 5 Pass English Medium World Geography Climatology Composition and five layers of the atmosphere; insolation, heat budget, albedo; temperature distribution and inversion; pressure belts, planetary-periodic-local winds, jet streams; humidity, condensation, clouds, rainfall; air masses, fronts, temperate and tropical cyclones, anticyclones; Köppen’s climate classification. Open map Chapter 6 Pass English Medium World Geography Hydrosphere — Oceans, Tides and Currents How water is shared on Earth; the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans; the sea floor from shelf to trench; temperature and salinity; causes and types of tides; currents of the three oceans and El Niño; coral reefs and bleaching; marine resources and deposits; straits, coastlines and maritime zones. Open map Chapter 7 Pass English Medium World Geography Natural Regions The world’s major natural regions — equatorial, tropical monsoon, savanna, hot desert, steppe, Mediterranean, China type, west European, St Lawrence, taiga and tundra: extent, climate, vegetation, soils, local winds and people. Open map Chapter 8 Pass English Medium World Geography Continents of the World The seven continents in order of area and their records; landforms, rivers, climate, vegetation, resources and key countries of Asia, Africa, North and South America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica — with maps, chalkboard diagrams and updated figures. Open map Chapter 9 English Medium World Geography Economic Geography of the World Five sectors of occupation, gathering-hunting-herding, fishing grounds, types of farming and names of shifting cultivation, major crops, minerals, energy, industries, transport, the Suez and Panama canals and ports — with the latest (2024–25) producer rankings. Open map Chapter 10 Pass English Medium World Geography Human Geography — Origins, Population and Settlements Human origins and early humans; bases of racial classification and the three major groups; tribes of the world; cultural regions, religions and languages; population growth, distribution and density; migration; rural and urban settlements; the Human Development Report and its indices (with the latest data). Open map Chapter 11 Pass English Medium Indian Geography India — A General Introduction India’s latitudinal and longitudinal position, extreme points, standard time and the Tropic of Cancer; seven land neighbours and border states, the Radcliffe, McMahon and Durand lines, PoK and Sir Creek; the three maritime zones, channels, the new 2025 coastline, islands and the importance of India’s location. Open map Chapter 12 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Physical Structure of India India's rock systems (Archaean to Quaternary), the Himalaya's origin, ranges, peaks, glaciers and passes, the Peninsular Plateau and the Ghats, the Great Northern Plains, coastal plains (new coastline 11,098.81 km), island groups and lakes. Open map Chapter 13 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Drainage System of India Drainage types and patterns; the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra systems and their tributaries; Peninsular rivers, waterfalls, dams and canals; the river-linking plan and the Ken-Betwa link. Open map Chapter 14 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Climate of India Tropical monsoon climate and its controls, IMD's four seasons and local storms, the monsoon branches, the thermal, Flohn, jet-stream and El Niño theories, onset and breaks, rainfall distribution and variability, and Köppen's climatic regions. Open map Chapter 15 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Economic Geography of India Cropping seasons and types of farming; major crops from rice-wheat to tea-coffee-spices with their latest (2024-25) leading states; irrigation and the Green, Yellow, White and Blue revolutions; livestock, milk, eggs, fish; industries from iron-steel to IT and the eight industrial regions. Open map Chapter 16 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Soils and Vegetation India’s eight major soils — alluvial, black, red-yellow, laterite, arid, saline, peaty, forest; types, areas and control of soil erosion; natural vegetation from evergreen to mangrove; ISFR 2023 forest figures, forest policy and social forestry. Open map Chapter 17 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Energy Resources of India Coal (types, Gondwana and Tertiary fields, 2025 resources), petroleum and gas (oil regions, refineries, Pachpadra), nuclear energy (uranium, three stages, power stations), thermal and hydro power, rural electrification, solar and wind (2026 capacity), biofuels, biogas, hydrogen, geothermal and ocean energy. Open map Chapter 18 Pass English Medium Indian Geography Transport and Communication Roads (new highway numbering, NH-44, Golden Quadrilateral, expressways, PMGSY), railways (gauges, 18 zones, DFC, Konkan, USBRL, Vande Bharat, factories, metros), air (AAI, UDAN, GAGAN, airports), water (national waterways, 11,099 km coast, major ports, Sagarmala), pipelines, and post, telephone, radio, TV and satellite communication. Open map Chapter 19 Pass English Medium Indian Geography India: Census 2011 Final figures of Census 2011 — state-wise population, distribution, four phases of growth, density, sex ratio, literacy, age structure, Scheduled Castes and Tribes, district records, National Population Policy 2000 and the commission — with maps. Open map Chapter 20 English Medium Indian Geography Indian States and Union Territories India's 28 states and 8 union territories region by region — map, capital, formation, geography, minerals and industry, national parks and tribes for each; all changes from 2019 to 2026 (J&K-Ladakh, the Dadra-Daman merger, Amaravati, Sri Vijaya Puram). Open map Chapter 21 English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Ecology and Ecosystem Ecology and ecosystem defined, biotic and abiotic components, trophic levels, food chains and webs, the 10% law, productivity, ecological pyramids, water, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and sulphur cycles, niche, species interactions, population growth, succession and the biomes of the world. Open map Chapter 22 Pass English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Biodiversity Levels and measurement of biodiversity (α, β, γ), its value, the tropics, coral reefs and wetlands, India's 101 Ramsar sites, hotspots, loss and the IUCN Red List, national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves, ex-situ conservation, the CBD, Ramsar and World Heritage conventions, and India's tiger, elephant and other projects (updated figures). Open map Chapter 23 Pass English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Environmental Pollution and Management Air, water, soil, noise, marine, thermal, radioactive, solid-waste, e-waste and space pollution — causes, effects, remedies; AQI, BOD, water-borne diseases; environmental management, EIA, Constitution and EPA 1986, ISO 14000 and Ecomark; institutions, movements from Chipko to Narmada, key figures and awards. Open map Chapter 24 Pass English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Climate Change The greenhouse effect and gases, the latest warming figures (IPCC AR6, WMO 2025) and impacts; ozone depletion and Montreal-Kigali; UNFCCC, Kyoto, COP-15 to COP-31, the Paris Agreement, GEF-GCF-REDD+; India's NDCs up to 2035, net zero 2070 and the eight NAPCC missions. Open map Chapter 25 Pass English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Sustainable Development The Brundtland definition, three dimensions and five core principles, conditions and strategy, sustainable agriculture, the conferences from Stockholm to Rio+20, Agenda 21, the 17 SDGs and India's approach (CBDR, NAPCC, NDC, SDG India Index). Open map Chapter 26 Pass English Medium Geography · Environment & Ecology Disasters Earthquakes (measurement, India's seismic zones II–V), tsunamis and INCOIS, flood zones and cloudbursts, types of drought, landslides and avalanches, volcanoes, cyclones, nuclear and chemical disasters, the disaster management cycle, the 2005 Act, NDMA and NDRF. Open map Chapter 101 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks General Geography — Universe and Solar System - Short Trick Short tricks for the universe and the Solar System — the planets by distance and by size, each planet’s identity, the Galilean moons, the largest moons, the Sun’s layers, perihelion and aphelion, eclipses, the Big Bang and Copernicus, types of galaxies, a star’s life and the Date Line, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 102 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Interior of the Earth and Rocks - Short Trick Short tricks for the Earth’s interior and rocks — P, S and L waves, sial-sima-nife, the discontinuities from Conrad to Lehmann, Wegener to plate tectonics, the parts of Pangaea, evidence for drift, the seven major plates, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, the eight elements of the crust and soil, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 103 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Earth Movements — Endogenic and Exogenic Forces - Short Trick Short tricks for earth movements — tension and compression, anticline and syncline, the epicentre and earthquake lines, Richter and Mercalli, earthquake types, active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, delta types, karst hollows, zeugen and yardang, spit and tombolo, cirque and drumlin and the snow line, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 104 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Landform Diversity — Mountains, Plateaus, Plains - Short Trick Short tricks for landforms — the ages of mountain building and their mountains, block, dome, volcanic and residual mountains, plateau types and countries, monadnock, inselberg and hum, rift lakes, the ten largest lakes, islands and their countries and the world’s deserts, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 105 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Climatology - Short Trick Short tricks for climatology — the layers of the atmosphere in order, what each layer is known for, the ionosphere, the main gases, scattering and diffusion, convection and advection, the doldrums and horse latitudes, the Hadley, Ferrel and polar cells, jet streams, local winds and their regions, mist and fog, fronts and hurricane, typhoon and willy-willy, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 106 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Hydrosphere — Oceans, Tides and Currents - Short Trick Short tricks for the hydrosphere — the four oceans by size, the deepest trenches from Mariana to Kermadec, marginal seas of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, high- and low-salinity seas, spring and neap tides, tidal power stations, cold currents of the Pacific and Atlantic, El Niño and La Niña, straits such as Malacca, Hormuz and Gibraltar, and the maritime zones, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 107 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Natural Regions - Short Trick Short tricks for the natural regions of the world — where the steppe, prairie, pampas, veld, downs and Canterbury lie, the llanos and campos, hurricane, typhoon and willy-willy, local winds like the sirocco, mistral and bora, equatorial and taiga trees, chaparral, maquis and caatinga, the west–east pattern of regions and their soils, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 108 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Continents of the World - Short Trick Short tricks for the continents of the world — the seven continents by area and population, each continent’s highest peak, longest river, largest lake and largest and smallest country, the Rift Valley lakes, the Great Lakes, Africa’s rivers, South America’s resources, Australia’s deserts and India’s Antarctic stations, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 109 English Medium Geography Short Tricks World Economic Geography - Short Trick Short tricks for world economic geography — red, blue, pink, white and gold collars, shifting cultivation names like ladang, milpa, conuco and chena, viti-, pisci-, seri- and apiculture, top producers of wheat, cotton, tea, sugarcane and rubber, kinds of iron ore and coal, top producers of iron ore, bauxite and uranium, the Trans-Siberian railway and the Suez and Panama canals, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 110 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Human Geography — Origin, Population and Settlements - Short Trick Short tricks for human geography — the sequence from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, where Java, Peking, Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon fossils were found, where the Inuit, Sami, Maasai, Pygmies, Bedouin, Maori and Gauchos live, the most spoken languages, the most populous countries, the largest megacities and the three dimensions of the HDI, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 211 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks India — A General Introduction - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s general introduction — countries larger than India, the four extreme points, states on the standard meridian and the Tropic of Cancer, neighbours by border length, the Durand, McMahon and Radcliffe lines, the 8°, 9° and 10° channels, coastal states and islands, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 212 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Physical Structure of India - Short Trick Short tricks for the physical structure of India — rock systems from oldest to youngest, the Himalayan ranges and four great faults, the Purvanchal hills, the eight-thousanders, the longest glaciers, the highest peak of every state, passes state by state, the Vindhya, Satpura and Eastern Ghats hills, Bhabar to Khadar, the Punjab doabs, the names of the coasts and the lake superlatives, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 213 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Drainage System of India - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s drainage system — antecedent and inland rivers, the five rivers of Punjab and their Vedic names, the Indus Waters Treaty, the five prayags, the left-bank tributaries of the Ganga and the tributaries of the Yamuna, the names of the Brahmaputra, Peninsular rivers by length, sources, waterfalls, dams, canals and the river-linking plan, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 214 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Climate of India - Short Trick Short tricks for the climate of India — the five controls of climate, the IMD’s four seasons, local winds like the loo, norwester, Kalbaisakhi and mango showers, Mawath and Chillai Kalan, the monsoon’s arrival and withdrawal dates, the theories of Halley, Flohn and Spate, El Niño, La Niña and the IOD, the seasonal share of rain and the wettest and driest places, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 215 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Economic Geography of India - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s economic geography — Rabi and Kharif crops, leading states for rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, jute, tea and spices (2024-25), the coloured revolutions, top milk and egg states, Odisha and Rajasthan minerals, famous mines, steel and aluminium plants, first factories, industrial regions and core industries, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 216 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Soils and Vegetation - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s soils and vegetation — soils by area, states with black, laterite and arid soil, khadar and bangar, reclaiming usar, erosion zones, the rainfall and trees of evergreen, deciduous and thorn forests, sholas, mangroves, ISFR 2023 records and forestry institutes, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 217 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Energy Resources of India - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s energy resources — black gold to white gold, the four coal grades, Gondwana valleys, coal reserves and fields, oil regions, Assam’s refineries, nuclear power stations and uranium mines, Tehri, Nathpa Jhakri and Subansiri, leading solar and wind states, solar parks and the 175 GW target, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 218 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Transport and Communication - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s transport and communication — where NH-44, 27, 48, 19, 16, 66 and 53 run, railway zones and headquarters, the first trains and metros, the UNESCO hill railways, airport names, national waterways 1 to 5, the twelve major ports in coastal order, pipelines and radio-TV milestones, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, railway, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 219 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks India: Census 2011 - Short Trick Short tricks for Census 2011 — the most and least populous states, district records, the four phases of growth, the densest and sparsest states, the extremes of sex ratio and child sex ratio, the most and least literate states, the top Scheduled Caste and Tribe states and the National Population Policy 2000, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 220 English Medium Geography Short Tricks Indian States and Union Territories - Short Trick Short tricks for India’s states and union territories — the order of formation from the 16th to the 29th state, the capitals of all 28 states, each state’s nickname and identity, the highest peaks, the states touching Bangladesh and Myanmar, Chhattisgarh’s seven neighbours, the largest states by area and all eight union territories, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 321 English Medium Geography Short Tricks Ecology and Ecosystem - Short Trick Short tricks for ecology and ecosystems — what Haeckel, Tansley, Elton, Lindeman, Grinnell and Clements gave, the order of primary productivity, inverted pyramids, gaseous and sedimentary cycles, the steps of the nitrogen cycle, the stages of succession and grasslands such as the prairie, steppe and pampas, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 322 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Biodiversity - Short Trick Short tricks for biodiversity — levels of diversity, India’s four hotspots, the nine IUCN Red List categories, Ramsar sites and the Montreux Record, treaties from Ramsar to Kunming-Montreal, Project Tiger’s first nine reserves, which state the national parks and tiger reserves are in, biosphere reserves, natural World Heritage sites and species projects, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 323 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Environmental Pollution and Management - Short Trick Short tricks for environmental pollution and management — the 8 AQI pollutants, what photochemical smog and acid rain are made of, Minamata, Itai-itai, blue baby and other diseases with their elements, the order from Stockholm to the Environment Act 1986, the Ecomark, the Chipko, Appiko and Narmada Bachao movements, the Gadgil and Kasturirangan committees and the awards, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 324 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Climate Change - Short Trick Short tricks for climate change — the numbers for CO₂, methane and nitrous oxide, the Vienna, Montreal and Kigali agreements, the order from the IPCC to the Paris Agreement, Kyoto’s three mechanisms, where each COP from Copenhagen to Belém was held and what it decided, the Green Climate Fund and the eight NAPCC missions, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 325 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Sustainable Development - Short Trick Short tricks for sustainable development — the Club of Rome and the Brundtland Commission, the three dimensions, five core principles, four areas of policy change, the Stockholm conference and UNEP, the 8 MDGs and 17 SDGs and NITI Aayog, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map Chapter 326 Pass English Medium Geography Short Tricks Disasters - Short Trick Short tricks for disasters — the Richter and Mercalli scales, the Bihar–Nepal, Bhuj and Gorkha earthquakes, the areas of seismic zone V, four types of drought, the drought programmes, the Kedarnath operations, avalanche areas, IMD’s cyclone warning centres, Fani, Vayu, Amphan and Nisarga, nuclear accidents and the Bhopal gas tragedy, each list in one memorable English sentence. For UPSC, SSC, state PSC and all competitive exams. Open map
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