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General Science English Medium

Physics, chemistry, biology and science & technology for RAS, UPSC and other state PCS exams, in Hindi and English.

Physics 7Chemistry 8Biology 9Science & Technology 6

30 mind maps

Chapter 1 English Medium General Science · Physics Mechanics Units, dimensions and errors, equations and graphs of motion, projectile and circular motion, Newton’s laws, friction, simple machines, work–energy–power, collisions, rotation, gravitation and satellites — all of Class 6 to 12 mechanics, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 2 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Properties of Matter States of matter (plasma, BEC), elasticity and the moduli, the stress–strain curve, density, fluid pressure, Pascal’s law, atmospheric pressure, buoyancy and flotation, surface tension, capillarity, viscosity, the equation of continuity, Bernoulli and Torricelli — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 3 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Oscillations and Waves Periodic motion, equations and energy of SHM, simple and seconds pendulum, spring, resonance, types of waves, v = fλ, speed of sound, pitch-loudness-quality, decibel, ultrasound, echo, reverberation, Doppler effect, Mach number, ear, instruments, beats, stationary waves, strings and organ pipes — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 4 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Heat and its Transmission Temperature scales and thermometers, thermal expansion and the anomalous expansion of water, specific and latent heat, change of state, humidity, conduction–convection–radiation, the laws of Stefan, Wien and Newton, the greenhouse effect, the laws of thermodynamics, engines and fridges, entropy and the kinetic theory of gases — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 5 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Optics Nature and speed of light, reflection and the plane mirror, image tables and formulas of spherical mirrors and lenses, power, Snell’s law, apparent depth, total internal reflection, prism, dispersion, rainbow, colour, the human eye and its defects, microscope and telescope, scattering, Tyndall effect, interference, diffraction and polarisation — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 6 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Electricity and Magnetism Charge and Coulomb’s law, electric field and potential, Gauss’s law, capacitors, current and drift velocity, Ohm’s law and resistivity, series-parallel, EMF, Kirchhoff, Wheatstone bridge, electricity bill, Joule’s law, household wiring, cells, magnetic effect of current, motor, Earth’s magnetism, magnetic materials, induction, generator, transformer, AC circuits and the electromagnetic spectrum — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 7 Pass English Medium General Science · Physics Modern Physics Cathode rays, the electron (Thomson, Millikan), Thomson-Rutherford-Bohr atomic models, hydrogen spectrum, nucleus, isotopes, binding energy, radioactivity, half-life, uses of radioisotopes, fission, reactors, fusion, atom bombs, photoelectric effect, de Broglie, X-rays, lasers, semiconductors, diode, transistor, logic gates, communication, the universe, discoveries and Nobel Prizes — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 1 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry General Chemistry States of matter, plasma and BEC, change of state and latent heat, evaporation, gas laws, kinetic theory, the solid state, elements-compounds-mixtures, physical and chemical changes, separation methods, laws of combination, the mole concept, empirical formula, limiting reagent, concentration, Henry and Raoult, colligative properties, osmosis, colloids, thermodynamics, equilibrium and Le Chatelier, pH calculations, chemical kinetics and electrochemistry — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 2 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding Discovery of electron, proton and neutron, atomic and mass number, isotopes-isobars-isotones, the Thomson-Rutherford-Bohr models, the hydrogen spectrum, de Broglie and Heisenberg, quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, Aufbau-Pauli-Hund, configuration of elements 1–30, radioactivity, the displacement law, half-life, uses of isotopes, fission and fusion, ionic, covalent and coordinate bonds, hydrogen bonding, dipole moment, resonance, VSEPR, hybridisation and molecular orbital theory — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 3 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Classification of Elements Döbereiner’s triads, Newlands’ octaves, Mendeleev’s table and eka-elements, Moseley’s modern periodic law, periods and groups, metals-metalloids-non-metals, elements 113–118, s-p-d-f blocks, atomic radius, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain, electronegativity, nature of oxides, diagonal relationship, hydrogen, hard water, heavy water, H₂O₂, alkali and alkaline earth metals, groups 13–18, the inert pair effect, transition elements, the lanthanoid contraction and "most" facts — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 4 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Chemical Reactions and Equations Writing and balancing equations, combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, neutralisation and combustion, exothermic and endothermic reactions, oxidation number and redox balancing, chemical kinetics (rate law, half-life, Arrhenius), equilibrium (Kc, Kp, Le Chatelier), electrochemistry (Daniell cell, E° series, Nernst, conductance, Faraday, batteries), catalysis, adsorption, corrosion and rancidity, and industrial processes — all in one place. Open map Chapter 5 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Elements and Compounds Properties of metals and non-metals, reactions of metals, the reactivity series, salt-caustic soda-washing soda-baking soda, lime, plaster of Paris, bleaching powder, cement, ores and mines, steps of metallurgy, extraction of iron-copper-aluminium-zinc, alloys, rusting and prevention, boron-silicon and glass, allotropes of carbon, ammonia and nitric acid, ozone, sulphuric acid, chlorine and halogen compounds, tests for gases, theories of acids and bases, indicators, pH, buffers, salts, hydrolysis, identifying ions, common names, KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇ and complex compounds — Class 6 to 12, exam-ready. Open map Chapter 6 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Organic Chemistry What makes carbon special and hybridisation, functional groups, IUPAC naming, isomerism, mechanism, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and benzene, haloalkanes and DDT, freons, alcohols, phenols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, acids and amines, soaps, 35 name reactions and distinguishing tests, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, DNA and vitamins, alkaloids, coal and petroleum, polymers and rubber, fuels and the flame — all in one place. Open map Chapter 7 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Layers and composition of the atmosphere, the ozone layer, air pollutants, PM2.5 and AQI, the greenhouse effect and climate agreements, acid rain, smog, ozone depletion and Montreal–Kigali, water pollution, BOD and heavy-metal diseases, drinking-water standards and treatment, soil pollution, pesticides and biomagnification, e-waste and plastics, green chemistry, the Bhopal tragedy and environmental laws, and radioactive, noise and thermal pollution — all in one place. Open map Chapter 8 Pass English Medium General Science · Chemistry Chemistry in Everyday Life Cement, glass and ceramics, fertilisers and pesticides, explosives, matches and fireworks, rocket propellants, plastics, fibres and nanomaterials, beverages, soaps and detergents, household and kitchen chemicals, classes of drugs, antiseptics, food additives and adulteration, dyes and cosmetics, fuels, fire extinguishers and batteries, and famous chemists — all in one place. Open map Chapter 1 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Cell Biology Branches of biology, the hallmarks of life, how a cell is built, chromosomes and cell division, and biomolecules and enzymes — all in one place. Open map Chapter 2 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Biological Classification The classification hierarchy and binomial nomenclature, evolution of kingdom systems, Monera-Protista, Fungi-Plantae, and Animalia-viruses — all in one place. Open map Chapter 3 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Structural Organisation of Plants and Animals Root and stem structure, leaf-flower-fruit, plant tissues, animal tissues and blood groups, and animal body traits — all in one place. Open map Chapter 4 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Human Physiology Nutrition-digestion, respiration-transport, excretion-skeletal system, neural coordination, and sense organs-endocrine system — all in one place. Open map Chapter 5 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Plant Physiology Nutrition and photosynthesis, respiration-ATP-transport, mineral nutrition and the nitrogen cycle, and growth-hormones-day length — all in one place. Open map Chapter 6 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Reproduction in Plants and Animals Modes of asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction in plants, the human reproductive system, and reproductive health — all in one place. Open map Chapter 7 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Genetics and Evolution Mendel's laws of inheritance, sex determination and the gene code, genetic disorders, theories of evolution, and human evolution — all in one place. Open map Chapter 8 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Ecology The vocabulary of ecology, food chains and webs, interactions between organisms, population statistics, and ecological succession and diversity — all in one place. Open map Chapter 9 Pass English Medium General Science · Biology Biology in Human Welfare Economically important plants, agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries, plant breeding, and vaccination — all in one place. Open map