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Fundamental Rights - Short Trick

Six groups, Articles 12–35, the Art 21 judgments, five writs and the limits — one sentence each

1 trick sentences9 pairs7 parts
0 / 3 learned · 0%
How to read
  • Guru Ram Each coloured word = one name in the list, shown below in the same colour
  • Panda Two colours in one word = two names
  • ➜ Order the numbered order matters · ⇄ Any order no order
1

Six Groups and the Opening Articles

The six rights in order, the articles of each group, and Arts 12, 13 and the two absolute rights.

Trick 1

The six Fundamental Rights

➜ in order of articles

At the equator Fred explored relics with cute little Remo.

  1. 1Right to EqualityArt 14–18
  2. 2Right to FreedomArt 19–22
  3. 3Right against ExploitationArt 23–24
  4. 4Right to Freedom of ReligionArt 25–28
  5. 5Cultural and Educational RightsArt 29–30
  6. 6Right to Constitutional RemediesArt 32

The same sentence is in the “Salient Features” chapter. There were seven groups in 1950 — the Right to Property (19(1)(f), 31) was removed by the 44th Amendment (1978); it is now a legal right under Art 300A.

Pairs

Articles of each group — same words, now with numbers

6 sentences

The equator trip took fourteen to eighteen days.

Right to Equality=Arts 14–18

Fred’s age is between nineteen and twenty-two.

Right to Freedom=Arts 19–22

They explored for twenty-three or twenty-four hours.

Right against Exploitation=Arts 23–24

The relics were twenty-five to twenty-eight centuries old.

Right to Freedom of Religion=Arts 25–28

The cute kittens are twenty-nine or thirty days old.

Cultural and Educational Rights=Arts 29–30

Remo has all thirty-two teeth.

Right to Constitutional Remedies=Art 32 — Dr B.R. Ambedkar: “the heart and soul of the Constitution”

Each group begins where the last one ends: 14 · 19 · 23 · 25 · 29 · 32 — 31 is the gap left by property.

Pairs

Opening articles and the two absolute rights

3 sentences

State bus number twelve

State (meaning of)=Art 12 — Government and Parliament of India, State governments and legislatures, all local authorities (municipalities, panchayats) and other authorities under government control · a purely private person or firm is outside

The lawyer tore up thirteen bad rules.

Laws clashing with Part III are void=Art 13 — void to the extent of the clash · “law” includes ordinances, rules, notifications, custom · 13(4): 24th Amendment (1971) — an amendment is not “law” · doctrines of severability and eclipse

Absolutely no exception for seventeen and twenty-four

Absolute rights=Art 17 (untouchability abolished) and Art 24 (child labour banned) — no exception is written into them

Rights that bind private persons too — 15(2), 17, 23, 24 · citizens only — 15, 16, 19, 29, 30 (two pairs with the six freedoms in between) · every person, foreigners too — 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25–28; but Art 22’s arrest safeguards do not cover an enemy alien.

2

Right to Equality (14–18)

The five articles, the five forbidden grounds of Art 15 and the Mandal case.

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3

Right to Freedom (19–22)

The six freedoms of Art 19, Articles 19 to 22 and the three shields of Art 20.

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4

Article 21 — Which Right, Which Judgment

From A.K. Gopalan to A. Nagaraja — the case and the right it read into Art 21.

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5

Exploitation, Religion and Culture (23–30)

Articles 23 to 30 one by one, and the four elements of religious freedom.

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6

Constitutional Remedies and the Five Writs

The five writs in order, what each means and where it stops, and Art 226.

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7

Limits — Emergency and Articles 33 to 35

The two articles that survive any emergency, and the armed forces, martial law and Parliament’s power.

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Read the full chapter for the complete notes — a trick helps you remember the list; understanding comes from the notes.